TRENDS IN ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN AND AN OVERVIEW ON ITS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS & PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Abstract

The World Health Organization has highlighted antimicrobial resistance as a major concern to community health, henceit is crucial to understand the types of primarily isolated pathogens from various biological samples such as blood, urine, sputum, pus, stool, ear discharge& etc, and their corresponding antimicrobial resistance pattern in a particular region for the better clinical services, among the isolated gram-negative & gram-positive pathogens, such as Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella, Enterobacteriaceae, salmonella, shigella, proteus species andStaphylococcus aureus & streptococcus species respectively were involved in the development ofnumerous infectious diseases, in which these above mentioned pathogens were highly resistance to majority of the conventional antibiotics, especially to 3^rd generation cephalosporins, while Aminoglycosides and Carbapenem class of antibiotics was found to be highly effective towards most of the pathogens specified. Inappropriate antibiotics use, poor infection control, poor hygiene, self-medication and prolonged use of antibiotics are considered to be the significant driving factors for emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It is necessary to stop antibiotics misuse and OTC antibiotics to prevent AMR.Rational use of antibiotics and surveillance plays a major role in AMR prevention. By following recommended practice guidelines and infection control protocols AMR can be managed. The key factors associated with AMR treatment is reduction of antimicrobial use and prevention of AMR emergence.This review provides a detailed study on the antimicrobial resistance pattern of various pathogens& prevention, treatment and factors associated with AMR.