Non-Peroxide Bleaching Materials: A Review

Abstract

The most frequently used bleaching materials are hydrogen and carbamide peroxide materials with specific concentration and techniques. The disadvantages of these materials range of sensitivity to bone inflammation and resorption processes. Therefore, it is desirable to employ alternative natural materials with little to no negative effects on the enamel, pulp and oral mucosa. This article reviews recently developing materials like papain, bromelain, chlorine dioxide, sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate and a combination of peroxide and natural substances. In studies employing bromelain and papain in comparison to peroxide bleaching materials, the peroxide materials evolved to show better stain removal than the natural alternatives. It is worth mentioning that the concentrations of natural materials used were 20 times lesser compared to the peroxide materials. Chlorine dioxide was found to improve bleaching efficacy by virtue of the warmth that was created on application of light , leading to dryness of teeth. This material needs further research and improvement to match its conventional alternatives in efficacy. The newer alternatives considered in this line-up are sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. There was no slod scientific support to back this material’s efficacy to conclusively compare it against peroxide materials. Finally, combination materials including lactoperoxidase along with hydrogen and carbamide peroxide showed to increase after 8 hours of contact than the system without lactoperoxidase. It can be concluded by saying that further research is required to find better alternatives to peroxide materials with better efficacy. Nanoparticles, off late, have found extensive purpose in modern day dentistry. The application of nanoparticles in bleaching is through hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. These nanoparticles concentration dependent whitening in comparison with carbamide peroxide. Recent developments including reduced graphene oxide has also been tried as an alternative to conventional bleaching methods. This material provided significant results and prove to be promising alternatives to peroxide tooth bleaching materials. This article reviews the developments and efficacy of non-peroxide bleaching materials.