Experimental Design Of Cardio –Toxidrome Of I.V Calcium Channel Blocker Overdose In Pigeon

Abstract

Study design and objectives: 

Goal; To evaluate and assess  ,the effects of verapamil((CCB) overdose on systemic toxicity in awake pigeon  by experimental demonstration the signs and symptoms of verapamil   via  determination  of  the variables cardio- respiratory  in the  pigeon as  Prospective, experimental trial model  compared to control .Method : 24 healthy domestic pigeons were used, the verapamil intravenously administered  in the pigeon’s ulnar wing vein  at 4 mg/kg   . Heart rate (HR),, respiratory rate (fR),  indirect systolic arterial pressure (SAP)  were measured prior to  verapamil iv administration  in the awake pigeons state at baseline (resting  0- time) and  at   5, 10 ,15 ,20  minutes  interval  later and  toxic gastrointestinal  manifestations   were observed  compared to control  ( 2 pigeons). Results;   the baseline cardio-respiratory variables in the   pigeon  , the heart rate  ,systolic arterial pressure  and respiratory  rate  were dropped to  the mean ± SD HR, SAP, fR  respectively, 84+/-10beats minute(-1), 66+/-12 mmHg, 17 ± 2 breaths minute(-1). The regurgitation and vomiting, watery green droppings   as gastrointestinal toxic manifestations were   clearly  noticed along with  dizziness or lightheadedness and sudden death prognosis as well  ,compared  control pigeon's recordings . Conclusion;     In the awake pigeon ,verapamil was induced  dropping  up to 35% of  baseline(time-0) of cardio-respiratory  variables with hypotension at the moderate level is associated with disparate effects on systemic hemodynamics, and toxic gastrointestinal manifestations ,probably resulting from differential reflex autonomic activations  , death prognosis due to cardiac arrest