A Systemic Review On Treatment Of Neglected Tropical Disease Using Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System

Abstract

Vectors are biological organisms that can spread infectious pathogens from animals to individuals or between individuals. Human
health issues are called vector-borne diseases when germs, parasites, and viruses are released by vectors. The presence of these
diseases is extreme in the tropical and subtropical zone, and they mainly affect the poorest populations. Every year there are more
than 700,000 deaths occurred by Vector-borne diseases. Leishmaniasis is an extensively transmitted protozoan vector-borne disease
and it has been one of the most neglected tropical diseases for decades. Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum have been the
most common species out of 20 intracellular protozoan parasites of genus Leishmania that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the
deadliest form. Due to the lack of a potent vaccine and effective vector control plan, chemotherapy has been considered a prime tool
for the treatment of leishmaniasis. The antileishmanial drugs widely used are highly toxic, injectable (painful and require
hospitalization), very expensive, and inferior efficacy for HIV co-infected VL patients. At present antimonials come in first-line
therapy and failure of which the second-line drug Amphotericin B is generally considered. Miltefosine, an antineoplastic agent, had
been emerged as the only oral anti-leishmanial drug. Unfortunately, the parasites introduce unavoidably resistance toward most of
these antileishmanial drugs. Many resistance mechanisms that arise by these parasites are associated with a minimum uptake or
increased efflux of the drug due to modification or altered expression of membrane transporters. Therefore, up-to-date strategies are
required to discover more effective and less toxic nanomedicines that could specifically solve drug resistance associated
with Leishmania chemotherapy. The Leishmania parasites completely contaminate highly phagocytic cells (macrophages), this
aspect can be utilized for the targeted delivery formulation of nanoparticles. A number of nanotechnology-based approaches and
products have come to light as anti-leishmanial drugs. These approaches are polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, metallic oxide
nanoparticles, lipid nano-capsules, nanosuspension, nanotube, and nano vaccines. These nanoparticles have exclusive inherent
properties such as large pore size, high surface area, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, stable aqueous dispersion, etc. This
review offers an overview of the present leishmania disease situation globally, its traditional pharmacological treatments, and how
the usage of various nanoparticles can help to solve the issue of drug resistance.